Influence of Diaspora on Bosnia and Hercegovina

Influence of Diaspora on Bosnia and Hercegovina In order for us to understand and elaborate on the concept of diaspora, firstly we need to define it. The term diaspora is assigned to groups of people with an ethnic belonging which were forced to leave their original and traditional home country under certain pressures. The people that left their home towns later settled down all around the world in smaller geographic areas. In an attempt to define diaspora, William Safran gives 6 main characteristics of this phenomenon: â€Å"1) they, or their ancestors, have been dispersed from a specific original centre to two or more peripheral, or foreign, regions; 2) they retain a collective memory, vision, or myth about their original homelandits physical location, history, and achievements; 3) they believe that they are notand perhaps cannot be fully accepted by their host society and therefore feel partly alienated and insulated from it; 4) they regard their ancestral homeland as their true, ideal home and as the place to which they or t heir descendants would (or should) eventually return when conditions are appropriate; 5) they believe that they should, collectively be committed to the maintenance or restoration of their original homeland and to its safety and prosperity; and 6) they continue to relate, personally or vicariously, to that homeland in one way or another, and their ethno communal consciousness and solidarity are importantly defined by the existence of such a relationshipThe status of diaspora can also be related with a minority, for example a religious minority. In later years, scholars made differences between the types of diaspora and they vary from causes such as trade or labour migrations, imperialism, politics and economy. In this essay, I will focus only on the political, economic and social ties that Bosnian diaspora has on its country and the contribution that it receives. The number of Bosnians that live outside of the country is estimated to be 38 percent of the whole Bosnian population or in other words, 1.4 million Bosnians. The number one reason of the fled of population is the tragic war that occurred in these areas. Around 800000 people left the country in just two years, from 1993-1994. (Kupiszewski 2009: 437). Even after the Dayton Peace Agreement was signed in 1995, migration of people out of the country continued. There is a great number and maybe even a majority of young diaspora that is very talented and educated. One of the speculations about this trend of outward migration is closely linked to the unstable economy and political growth. Although the socio-economic situation is improving and becoming closer to the European countries, it still faces many problems and one of them is the lack of job opportunities. In 2010 Bosnian and Hercegovina had an unemployment rate of 27, 2% according to the Agency for Statistics. This rate was the large st amongst people who were between the age of 15-24, it was at a rate of 57, 5%. These tragic statistics force young generations out of the country in search for a job and better economic opportunities. The average amount of money that comes into Bosnia from the diaspora in one year is estimated to be around 3.1 billion Convertible Marks. The remittances from diaspora are 6 times larger than foreign direct investments and 3 times larger than the help that the international community gives to Bosnia and Hercegovina. When talking in economic and business terms, there has been a conclusion that people in Bosnia that receive help from diaspora are more likely to open and start a business of their own than the people living in the rural parts of the country receiving no help from anybody on the outside. Therefore, remittances surely have a positive effect on employment in this case. As it is visible, a lot of households depend on diaspora for their survival. One of the strategic document s that have been implemented is the strategy of development of science in Bosnia and Hercegovina 2010-2015. This strategy suggests that a big number of diaspora is willing to engage in the fields of scientific research. Two activities under this strategy were more visible than others where one of them is the creation of laws that allow unbothered transfer of knowledge and technologies and the engagement of foreign scientists in domestic scientific research, as well as engaging Bosnian researchers that live outside of the country. The second activity is related to enabling institutions in BiH that scientists from the Diaspora awarded the status of an associate scientific advisor .There exists another strategy that deals with development in Bosnia and Hercegovina and under its principles there is a suggestion of creating favourable conditions for attracting investments, savings and remittance measures from diaspora. In order for our country to prosper, a great deal of help is needed f rom our diaspora. The option of using diaspora and potential diaspora can be a strong force in economic development and in the creation of new jobs, entrepreneurship opportunities, new technologies, sciences and in the development of the whole society in general. A big role in the creation and implementation of policies in the field of migration play government institutions. They deal with some of the questions that diaspora poses both at the level of entities and Brcko Distrikt. The Ministry for Human Rights and Refugees, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Hercegovina has the direct jurisdiction when it comes to diaspora. These ministries deal with the issues of protecting human rights and the rights of the refugees both in their home country and in the host country as well as questions that are closely related to migration. The sector for migration has the key role of appointing and determining the politics and its translation towards diaspora. In this sector there are only 10 people who deal with a wide spectre of questions dealing with how to make cooperation with diaspora organizations possible. They coordinate activities in the field of agriculture, culture, sports, science and educational cooperation. These organizations also give information and possibility of expert help to the diaspora in realizing their abilities in protecting their rights in Bosnia and Hercegovina. Organizations offer and give professional help to many incentives and they are familiar with European policies in the fields of migration and they have a clearer picture of its activities. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has greater power towards the diaspora whose job is also to encourage, develop and coordinate cooperation with diaspora from BiH. Other ministries and government organizations need to work together in realizing strategies for the further development of cooperation between host countries and with the home countries of the diaspora. It is necessary to streng then actions in the fields of common interest. Besides governmental organizations, there are many non-governmental organizations which act together in conducting and creating politics in the spheres of migration. These organizations are more focused on the sustainable return and the protection of refugees as well as illegal migrations, trafficking of people, the questions of asylum, and dealing with the issues of borders. The main focus here is therefore the politics of migration and its development. The cooperation between the Sector for Diaspora works well with non-governmental sectors and international organizations which will in the future result in a larger amount of programs that will contribute to the promotion and development of migration politics. Under the Ministry of Human Right an analysis has been done to identify positive and negative factors that affect the possibilities of BH diaspora in participating in the development of their country. There are many factors that a re involved here, both external and internal factors. Some of the strengths are highly professional, motivated staff, a well-defined internal structure of sectors, good knowledge about European and world politics in the spheres of migration and development, and professional guiding of the sectors as well as a clear vision of functioning. The possibilities here are to create heterogeneity of diaspora with the levels of qualification which make possible the creation of a wide spectre of incentives. There is also the possibility of the return of qualified people, and the interest of diaspora to help in the development of their home country is existent. Another factor that contributes to the development is a good cooperation between international organizations in BiH that deal with migration. The weakness of Bosnian diaspora in helping its country are a small number of staff in the sector, the absence of strategical documentation that would define the priority fields of action towards d iaspora, stressing its potential of development. The threats that are present are the divisions of diaspora according to national and ethnic belonging. Also, there is not enough awareness of the potential that diaspora can bring to their home lands in terms of development. A lot of Bosnian population started feeling this sentiment towards their home lands and wish to return. Within them resides a nostalgic feeling. It is a fact that it is more difficult to live with other foreign nationalities and to be part of a culture that you do not belong to, therefore, people that left Bosnia and Hercegovina wish to return to their home cities and be surrounded by friends and family, be a part of their own culture and speak their own language. The only obstacle here is the under-development of BiH and people are aware of that. They do not want to return to a land where they have opportunities to prosper and grow. In order for this to change, internal changes need to be made first starting from the political issues facing this country and then moving on to its economy. Finally to conclude, we can surely say that Bosnian diaspora plays a big role in helping Bosnia and Hercegovina growth, both economically and politically. Diaspora opens a new window of opportunity for businesses to grow and for research sectors to prosper with highly educated intellectuals and individuals. The remittances from diaspora cannot be compared with other investments coming from certain organizations and institutions. Because many households depend on this help from outside, relations between host countries and home lands need to be fostered. References: Anon, (2014).(Blog)Available at: http://amardeepnotes.blogspot.com/2010/06/william-safran-on-diasporas.html (Accessed 15 May. 2014) Cigler, B. (2013) Dijaspora-posve neiskoristena sansa. (online) Al Jazeera Balkans. Available at: http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/dijaspora-posve-neiskoristena-sansa (Accessed 15 May. 2014) Mhrr.gov.ba.(2014).(online)Available at: http://www.mhrr.gov.ba/iseljenistvo/istrazivanja/default.aspx?id=1810langTag=bs-BA (Accessed 15 May. 2014) Perco, A. (2014) Pomoc dijaspore kao razvojna sansa BiH(online) Novovrijeme.ba Available at: http://novovrijeme.ba/pomoc-dijaspore-kao-razvojna-sansa-bih/ (Accessed 15 May. 2014) Valenta, M and Ramet, S. (2011). The Bosnian Diaspora. 1st ed. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate

The Pelican Brief Essay -- English Literature Law Court System Essays

The Pelican Brief 1Â º Summary Two Supreme Court Judges has been murdered. Darby Shaw, a law student, wrote a brief (The Pelican Brief) about the linking between the two murders and Vitor Mattience, the owner of an oil company which wants to build a factory in the Louisiana's Marshlands and also a close fiend of the United States' President. Shaw gave the brief to his teacher (and boyfriend) Thomas Callaham who gave it to a FBI lawyer friend of him. Several days after Callaham is murdered by a bomb-car. Shaw get scared because the bomb was thought to kill her too and run away from New Orleans. Meanwhile Gary Graham, a Washington Post journalist, knew about the Pelican Brief from a lawyer, who used the nickname of Garcia, and wrote an article about it. Shaw read Graham's article and called him. While Shaw travelled among all the East Coast of USA running away from killers she phoned several times to Graham. Finally they met in New York City. Both, Shaw and Graham wanted to publish the Pelican Brief but first they needed to affirm the information of the brief with another source. And this source could be Garcia so they began a search all over Washington with only a photo of him and a few details of his private life. Finally after quite a lot of time they found Garcia's widow. He were killed few weeks ago in strange circumstances. Luckily he left in a safe box an affidavit and a video which confirmed the information of the brief. While the Washington Post published the story, starting the biggest crisis in the United States since Watergate, Shaw and Graham flew to the Virgin Islands. 2Â º Description of the main character of the book: Darby Shaw. Darby Shaw is a smart law student at Tulane Uni... ...el, and this will take another three or four months." Chapter thirty. P 255 Bankruptcy: The estate of a person who had been adjudged by a court to be insolvent. "Yeah, I worked in the bankruptcy section on the eight floor, and oil and gas covers half of eight and all of nine." Chapter thirty-six. P 332 & 333. Lawsuit: court case brought by one person or group against another. "Tell Jackson Feldman the lawsuit will be filed at nine in the morning, just as soon as the courthouse opens." Chapter forty-two. P 392. Affidavit: A sworn written statement used mainly for supporting applications and as evidence in court proceedings. The person who makes it must swear that the contents are true before a person authorised to take oaths. "It was a four-page affidavit, typed real neat and sworn to under oath before a notary public". Chapter Forty. P. 367.

Pakistan Case Study Research Paper Essay

The subordination of women is a prevalent issue in many middle-eastern cultures today. The absence of women in the labor force, community and decision making positions in these middle eastern societies is a detrimental drag on their economic and environmental welfare. Longstanding beliefs and traditions in the muslim culture are geared toward oppression of women and minimal civil rights. Such traditions have held these countries back from keeping up with progressive countries around the globe. Saima Muhammad, a young woman featured in Half the Sky lives in the outskirts of Lahore, Pakistan, a country which epitomizes this previously mentioned gender disparity. Gender disparity was a formidable obstacle for Saima in her goal to pay off her husband’s three thousand dollar debt. When Saima would simply take the public bus to a local marketplace in order to sell goods for her family, she was scorned by her neighbors as a loose woman. Loose women contradicted these middle-eastern values, also making life much harder for them. Saima’s house was falling apart to the point where she was forced to send her daughter to her aunt’s house just for safety. Amidst these changes, Saima was constantly beaten by her husband out of pure frustration. Following the birth of Saima’s second girl, Saima’s mother-in-law suggested her husband find somebody else to marry because she wasn’t going to have a boy. These are just a few examples of the environment that Pakistani women, or women in the muslim culture are forced to live in. Widespread poverty in Pakistan was a driving factor in Saima’s financial inability to maintain her house. Such a debt left by her husband was more of a hardship in these impoverished countries than anywhere else. This is because the means of acquiring goods to start a business are scarce due to minimal economic activity. This economic activity being primarily dominated by men is also considerably unfavorable to women, this is to be examined later on. One obvious result of widespread poverty is a drought of capital. Lack of capital was one of the most detrimental characteristics of her impoverished country. With entrepreneurial spirits, Saima needed financing if she was going to support her family. the Kashf foundation made this possible by lending Saima small amounts of money at a time. Demand for saima’s bracelets were exceeding supply. Following her entrepreneurial successes, she was met with respect from friends and family. Saima’s story is unfortunately a rare one. With gender disparity existing in a structural and foundational form, most women of Pakistan and other middle-eastern countries don’t get the opportunity to work outside of their house. Exploitation of women in Pakistan often occurs in many different forms through human rights, education, labor and many other life necessities. Due to longstanding beliefs in this culture, women are responsible for strictly household maintenance. When women are working actual jobs within agriculture or other fields, they are often exploited. Female has always been accompanying male participation within the rural agriculture sector, strictly short-term work available at the time of implant and yield of crops. In Pakistan’s case, women in rural areas are primarily unpaid workers. Women now participate in the political sector but are restricted from any high authority positions in politics due to their low literacy rate which is a result of their subordination. (ESWP) The exploitation of women for free labor, in addition to the restriction of any access to high positions or the decision-making positions is an example of gender disparity in the labor force. The dominance of men in all decision-making positions includes the allocation of natural resources. Women have shown through their agricultural work that they are capable of caring for crops and the environment in a sustainable fashion but they aren’t given the opportunity. The methods of which the men of pakistan have decided are appropriate for their country include overgrazing. With a cow population that is higher than that of its people, resources are diminished through this exploitation. When there is drought along with over-exploitation, it results in poverty. Poverty in turn leads to overexploitation which worsens the problem of desertification, It is a vicious cycle. (Voice of America News) This environmental exploitation is arguably a result of the dominance of men throughout decision-making positions, and the lack of interactive opportunities given to women. Women’s roles in the awareness and education of environmental dangers throughout Pakistan are rare. This is partially a result of an enormous lack of women’s education investments. Increasing women in the workforce is a challenge as well as an opportunity for Pakistan to develop as a country. Clearly Pakistan’s low rate of female literacy is an obstacle to increasing female workforce participation. As education levels rise, labor force participation must also rise for Pakistan to capture fully its return on investment in girls education. (Coleman Pg.1) How can a Pakistani Woman teach her country about their environment, when their country doesn’t teach them how to read? Lack of women’s education throughout these cultures is detrimental to the future of their own economy and environment. With limited opportunities for women, it becomes difficult to enlighten your community about the environment when they won’t listen to you. Opportunities have recently arisen for women in Pakistan in terms of work. These opportunities are aimed to give women in Pakistan a voice, literally. The report is aimed at creating awareness among media managers and working journalists about the importance of women’s role in the media and radio stations in Pakistan essentially giving women a voice which could be seen as a big step for their country.(BBC) This recent opportunity for women could be the next step towards voicing their opinion about environmental matters and having a role in the decisions of society. The environmental health of Pakistan is among the worst in the entire world as a result of ignorant methods of waste disposal and poor allocation of resources. The exploitation of resources has led to deforestation, desertification, and drought. The careless disposal of waste resulted in air pollution, gas emissions, toxic fertilizers, and borderline poisonous water. Pakistan’s environment is in ruins. The mayor of Karachi, Pakistan’s largest city, recently announced the city’s water and sewer system on the brink of collapse. Air pollution here as well as in other Pakistani cities is estimated to be 20 times higher than World Health Organization standards consider to be average. The country’s percentage of forested land is among the lowest in the world, and the rate at which it is disappearing among the highest. (Kambler Pg.1) The men in control of environmental operations, operate quite unfavorably towards women. The health of women and children are neglected in most development programs involving the widespread distribution of pesticides or fertilizers. Users are not alerted about the mandatory safety precautions, there is now enough evidence to show that peasant and other poor women share the experience of living in an ever degrading environment. (RCOWE) women naturally possess a more caring and conservative nature of work and it’s shown through their duty in agriculture. The Sindh Rural Women’s Uplift Group helped Pakistani women by allowing ten to fifteen on the farm at a time, under the guidance of female farm supervisors. Paying them the same wages as men and giving them the same responsibilities as men, there was an opportunity for comparison. The women’s agricultural output was greater than that of men’s, women also had an advantage in Mowing, Grasses for mulch, collecting farm leaves etc. Essentially, the policy instrument of which is being implemented in this situation can be seen as charity or gender equality. Charity is what the Sindh Rural Women’s Uplift Group is doing by giving these women an opportunity to be involved . Gender Equality is shown in the allocation of resources towards women for once instead of being put under the control of Pakistani men. The policy instrument of gender equality could be implemented towards economic development whether they sound related or not. In pakistan’s case, gender equality would result in an efficient allocation of resources through the implementation of females in authoritative environmental positions. The allocation of resources is better left in the hands of women for the good of the economy. Gender equity can be a determinant of just distribution of resources and income by allowing the female population of pakistan to rise to autonomy level, for once in history evenly distributing resources and income among women and men. An ecologically sustainable scale of the economy would come in time with the progression of women’s authoritative roles in not only agricultural or environmentally based occupancies, but half of Pakistan’s economy. Works Cited Council on Foreign Relations. (n.d.). Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from http://www.cfr.org/asia/gender-disparities-economic-growth-islamization-pakistan/p7217 Full Text Electronic Journal List. (2012, November 11). Full Text Electronic Journal List. Retrieved from http://db6fj4sr6x.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004 Kambler, M. (2001, November 27). Pakistan’s Environmental Nightmare. – Page 1. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://www.villagevoice.com/2001-11-27/news/pakistan-s-environmental-nightmare/ M. (2012). Employment situation of women in Pakistan. ProQuest. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/821115923 anhwar, F. (1998, June 15). WOMEN AND ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN PAKISTAN. World Conference on Horticultural Research. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://www.agrsci.unibo.it/wchr/wc5/panhwar.html 2 The regional conference on women and environment. (n.d.). Embracing the Earth. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0173E/x0173e03.htm V. (2006, July 31). Pakistan Combats Growing Environmental Menace. ProQuest. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/190519623

Should Juveniles Be Tried as Adults. Essay - 1210 Words

Should juveniles be tried as adults? Some people disagree and others agree. Juveniles can be tired as adults committing crimes such as a DUI,minor in possession,robbery,rape,murder and any other crimes committed by an adult. The juveniles can be punished under the juvenile law. The juvenile law states that although most states try juveniles crime cases in juvenile court when the offenders is younger than 18, a few states have younger cutoffs (Juvenile Law). The treatment and successful reintegration of youth into society are the primary goals of the juvenile justice system, along with overall public safety (Juvenile Justice System). There are eight steps the juvenile justice process generally goes through which is†¦show more content†¦Some teens dont know that its wrong but that still doesnt mean its right. So they must suffer the consequences. If the teens dont have consequences, they will go on thinking its right and continue to do wrong. In most cases teenagers today dont fear the law because they dont think they will get caught. Trust my word, I know because Im a teen and I know how we think. Even if they do get caught, some of them know they have a chance of getting off because they wont be tried as an adult. Still wanting to know the answer to my question; should juveniles be tried as adults? In THE CASE of Edward D. Laurel, who is sixteen years old faces a trial January 18,2010 in Sedgwick County District Court. He faces the charges of first degree murder and criminal discharge of a firearm. He killed a 13 year old Wichita boy; who was gunned down last summer when he went to his door by Edward. He will now stand trial as an adult. Laurel and three others was charged June 20,2010 of the shooting of thirteen year old Miguel Andrade Martinez. At the answering of the door fourteen shots were fired, several shots hitting Miguel. All of this because a fight weeks earlier. The police arrested Laurel shortly after the shooting. November 18,2010, a judge ruled that Laurel would be tried as an adult. Gregory Patton has testified that Laurel and another defendant Eli Bentancourt were armed that morning. Gregory seen Laurel and Bentancourt get out the car and walkShow MoreRelatedShould Juveniles Be Tried as Adults?1017 Words   |  4 Pagesto be growing up earlier as the years go by. Serious crimes committed by juveniles have stayed pretty much the same in the last twenty years, but that is not to say people have not concluded differently. A thanks to laws passed in the ninety’s and more specifically between ninety two and ninety seven, It is easier to try juveniles as adults in the court system. There are multiple pros and cons to juveniles being tried as adult. These arguments range from a crime is a crime to they are not mentallyRead MoreShould Juveniles be tried as Adults?2030 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: SHOULD JUVENILES BE TRIED AS ADULTS? Should Juveniles be tried as Adults? Should Juveniles be Tried as Adults? The law states that any person under the age of 18 is classified to be a juvenile and when they commit a crime they are tried in the juvenile court system. Although this is true with most cases there are times when the state will allow youths under the age of 18 to be tried as adults. This differs from state to state as eachRead MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried As Adults?4864 Words   |  20 PagesShould juveniles be tried as adults? In my opinion I think they should because when you turn a certain age, you gain certain privileges. â€Å"You achieve certain rewards such as voting rights, the ability to purchase a house, the ability to purchase tobacco products at the local gas station, but most importantly the ability to be held responsible for your actions. When you turn 18 a whole other world opens for you, and that’s because an 18-year-old is considered an adult in nearly every state, whichRead MoreShould A Juvenile Be Tried As An Adult? Essay1884 Words   |  8 Pag esevery day in the United States. Each year thousands of juveniles under the age of 18 are arrested. The debate of â€Å"should a juvenile be tried as an adult† is one for the ages. Many would like to argue against the idea as they believe firmly in rehabilitation. But what happens when the crimes are so violent that the family is unable to recognize the victim or when the juvenile shows no remorse and then goes on to harm others. At what age should one be held accountable for their actions? At what ageRead MoreJuveniles Should Be Tried As Adults1964 Words   |  8 Pagescommit an adult crime then you should be charged as an adult as well. Teenagers should be tried as adults for the violent crimes that they commit. In today’s generation, there are a lot of crimes taking place. Adults aren’t the only ones that are committing the crimes, teenagers are as well. If you are old enough to do the crime, you are old enough to do the time. Juveniles should be responsible for their own actions and they should be held accountable for the decisions they make. Juveniles do violentRead MoreJuveniles Should Not Be Tried As Adults1497 Words   |  6 PagesWhether juveniles should be tried as adults in the justice system or not, has been an ongoing debate for many people. There has been many cases throughout time where people under the age of 18 have been tried as adults in the justice system. Information about this debate can be found in articles, novels, and podcasts. Typically people who are under the age of 18 are identified as a juvenile delinquent and go through different procedures after committing a crime. There is many examples and evidenceRead MoreJuveniles Should Not Be Tried As Adults1494 Words   |  6 Pages Juveniles should not be tried as adults because it is proven that children are incapable of making a rational, mature decision on their own. Adolescents have a shorter experience in the world, their brains are still developing, they do not have the same responsibilities or rights as adults and they are easily influenced at this age. Let s say a child around the age of twelve is playing with two other friends at his house. His mother and father both work constantly so these children are alone.Read MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried as Adults896 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion: Should juvenile offenders be tried and punished as adults? Claim: Juvenile offenders shouldn’t be tried and punished as adults. I. Introduction a. There has been a lot of controversy over the issue of if juveniles should be tired and punished as adults. II. Harsh Policies Do not work http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/juvenile-justice/factsheets/youthasadults.pdf III. Adult Convictions Jeopardize Children’s Rights and Futures IV. Risks to Children’s Health V. These PoliciesRead MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried As Adults?2843 Words   |  12 PagesUnder most state laws, juvenile offenders do not commit crimes. They commit delinquent acts, some of which are acts that would constitute crimes if committed by an adult. The trial phase of a juvenile case is an adjudication hearing.(Should juveniles be tried as adults? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://malaysia.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120602234650AAayOa2) This means that the judge listens to evidence presented and make the determination on whether the child is delinquent.The courtRead MoreShould Juvenile Be Tried As An Adult? Essay1887 Words   |  8 PagesA Juvenile Delinquent Heinous crimes are committed every day in the United States. Each year thousands of juveniles under the age of 18 are arrested. The debate of â€Å"should a juvenile be tried as an adult† is one of the ages. Many would like to argue against the idea as they believe firmly in rehabilitation. But what happens when the crimes are so violent the family is unable to recognize the victim, or when the juvenile shows no remorse and then goes on to harm others. At what age should one be